{"id":520,"date":"2024-08-14T01:25:15","date_gmt":"2024-08-14T01:25:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tcnmedia.in\/?p=520"},"modified":"2024-08-14T01:25:15","modified_gmt":"2024-08-14T01:25:15","slug":"robert-caldwell","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tcnmedia.in\/robert-caldwell\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe \u0bb5\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb7\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bbf &#8211; \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>\u0b87\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/strong>&nbsp;(<em>Robert Caldwell<\/em>) (7 \u0bae\u0bc7 1814\u201328 \u0b86\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 1891) \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bae\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb0\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb3\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b86\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd 24-\u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe \u0bb5\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd, \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb0 \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc7, \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd, \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b92\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba3 \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bca\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0ba4 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href=\"https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF\">\u0ba4\u0bca\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0bae\u0bbf<\/a>&nbsp;\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b87\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bca\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D#cite_note-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u0b87\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd_\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd\">\u0b87\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0b87\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd 1814-\u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc7 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81\">\u0b85\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/a>\u00a0\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc7\u0baf\u0bc7 \u0b9a\u0bae\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b9f\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc7 \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf \u0baa\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0b87\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd, \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B\">\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcb \u0baa\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb4\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/a>\u00a0\u0b87\u0ba3\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf \u0baa\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b85\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc7 \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b92\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b86\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8f\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bc1. 24 \u0bb5\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1\u00a0<em>\u0b87\u0bb2\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bbf \u0b9a\u0bca\u0b9a\u0bc8\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf<\/em>\u00a0\u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D\">\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5<\/a>\u00a0\u0bae\u0ba4\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1, \u0bae\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb0\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 1838, \u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bbf 8 \u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd 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\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0bb4\u0bc2\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b86\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bc7 \u0b89\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u00a0<em>\u0ba8\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0baa\u0bb0\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b9a\u0baa\u0bc8 (Propagation of the Gospel Mission)<\/em>\u00a0\u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b87\u0ba3\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<a href=\"https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF\">\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf<\/a>\u00a0.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D#cite_note-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd_\u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd\">\u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>1841-\u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF\">\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bbf<\/a>&nbsp;\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc7 \u0b87\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8a\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf 50 \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bae\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0ba4\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D\">\u0b86\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb2<\/a>&nbsp;\u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b86\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)\">\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b92\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba3\u0bae\u0bcd<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;<strong>(1856)<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bc6\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 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\u0b93\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b92\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bca\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D\">\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bae\u0bcd<\/a>&nbsp;\u0b92\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b9a\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba3\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc7.&#8221;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D#cite_note-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bb0\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 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id=\"\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1_\u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd\">\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0ba4\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95\u0b9a\u0bcd&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D\">\u0b9a\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95 \u0b87\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd<\/a>&nbsp;\u0b8f\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf, \u0b85\u0b95\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b88\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb2 \u0baa\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf \u0b95\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u0b88\u0bae\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D\">\u0ba8\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0baf\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/a>&nbsp;\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bb5\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0bae\u0bc0\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb2 \u0b87\u0bb5\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba9. \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0b95 &#8220;\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bc1 (A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevely)<em>&nbsp;\u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1 1881 \u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b83\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 (Robert Eric Frykenberg) \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd, \u0ba4\u0bca\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd, \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc6\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd, \u0b87\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0ba4\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bbf \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D#cite_note-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd_\u0b87\u0baf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf_\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bcd_\u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd\">\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0baf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf \u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u0ba8\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bc8 \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc8<\/em>\u00a0(1853)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><i class=\"ti-check-box\"><\/i><em>\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd<\/em>\u00a0(1871)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><i class=\"ti-check-box\"><\/i><em>\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0bb8\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bae\u0bcd<\/em>\u00a0(\u0b95\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bc8)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><i class=\"ti-check-box\"><\/i><em>\u0ba8\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bc8<\/em>\u00a0(\u0b95\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bc8)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><i class=\"ti-check-box\"><\/i>\u0baa\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bae\u0bcd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd_\u0b87\u0baf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf_\u0b86\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb2_\u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd\">\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0baf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b86\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb2 \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><i class=\"ti-check-box\"><\/i><em><a href=\"https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)\">\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b92\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba3\u0bae\u0bcd<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South Indian Family Languages,\u00a0<strong>1856<\/strong>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><i class=\"ti-check-box\"><\/i><em>\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bbf \u0b85\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bc1<\/em>\u00a0(A Political and General History of Tinnevely, 1881)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><i class=\"ti-check-box\"><\/i><em>\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bbf (\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bbf) \u0b9a\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd: \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd; \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc7 \u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb0\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0bb5\u0b9a\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd &#8211; \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bc1<\/em>\u00a0(The Tinnevelly Shanars: A Sketch of \u2013 Their Religion, and Their Moral Condition and Characteristics, as a Cast; with Special Reference to the Facilities and Hindrances to the Progress of Christianity Amongst Them, 1849)<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D#cite_note-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D#cite_note-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><i class=\"ti-check-box\"><\/i><em>\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bbf \u0b89\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b89\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc7 \u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5 \u0bae\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0baa\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/em>\u00a0(Evangelistic Work amongst the Higher Classes and Castes in Tinnevelly. Rev. Dr. Caldwell\u2019s Third Journal. [1876.])<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><i class=\"ti-check-box\"><\/i><em>\u0bae\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc8<\/em>\u00a0(The Inner Citadel of Religion. S.P.C.K.: London, [1879.])<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><i class=\"ti-check-box\"><\/i><em>\u0b95\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1<\/em>\u00a0[\u0bae\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd.] (The March of the Unsaved. [A religious tract.] G. Stoneman: London, [1896.])<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><i class=\"ti-check-box\"><\/i><em>\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd &#8220;\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc7 \u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc8&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0(The Prince of Wales in Tinnevelly, and &#8220;From Delahay Street to Edeyengoody.&#8221;.<em>\u00a0London\u00a0: S.P.C.K., 1876.)<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><i class=\"ti-check-box\"><\/i><em>\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc0\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b85\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/em>\u00a0(Observations on the Kudumi. J. J. Craen: [Madras?] 1867.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><i class=\"ti-check-box\"><\/i><em>\u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0ba4 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0ba4\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0ba4\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b95- \u0bae\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bcd<\/em>\u00a0(On reserve in communicating religious instruction to non- Christians in mission schools in India: a letter to the Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Madras. Madras\u00a0: S.P.C.K. Press, 1879.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><i class=\"ti-check-box\"><\/i><em>\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1<\/em>\u00a0(The Relation of Christianity to Hinduism. R. Clay, Sons, &amp; Taylor: London, [1885.])<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><i class=\"ti-check-box\"><\/i><em>\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bbf \u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5 \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b86\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2 \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/em>\u00a0(Records of the Early History of the Tinnevelly Mission, etc. Higginbotham &amp; Co.: Madras, 1881.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><i class=\"ti-check-box\"><\/i><em>\u0bae\u0bc2\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/em>\u00a0(The Three Way-marks. Christian Vernacular Education Society: Madras, 1860.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0b87\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd&nbsp;(Robert Caldwell) (7 \u0bae\u0bc7 1814\u201328 \u0b86\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 1891) \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bae\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb0\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb3\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b86\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd 24-\u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe \u0bb5\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd, \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb0 \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc7, \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd, \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b92\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba3 \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bca\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0ba4 \u0bb5\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd,&nbsp;\u0baa\u0bb4\u0bc8\u0baf \u0b8f\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3&nbsp;\u0b8e\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc7\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd,&nbsp;\u0baa\u0bb4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc7\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd,&nbsp;\u0ba4\u0bca\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0bae\u0bbf&nbsp;\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b87\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bca\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.[1]&nbsp;\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd 1814-\u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc7 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b85\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u00a0\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc7\u0baf\u0bc7 \u0b9a\u0bae\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":180,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[71,110],"tags":[429,431,430,418,197,428],"class_list":["post-520","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-christian-literature","category-missionary-martyrs-biographies","tag-robert-caldwell","tag-idaiyangudi","tag-muthalur","tag-tamilnadu-mission","tag-tcn-media","tag-428"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe \u0bb5\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb7\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bbf - \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd - Tamil Christian Network | Latest Christian News | \u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5 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